Cairo Air Quality Guide - Sources, Seasons, and Health Implications

A guide to air quality in Cairo, Egypt - sources, seasonal patterns, health implications, and how to track conditions in real time.

Air quality overview

Cairo is a city of approximately 21,750,000 residents in Egypt. Based on multi-year averages, its air quality runs consistently elevated and frequently unhealthy.

See live readings: Cairo live AQI →

What drives air pollution in Cairo

The dominant pollution sources affecting Egypt cities like Cairo are:

• vehicle emissions from older fleets
• dust from arid surroundings (especially Saharan and Sahel transport)
• biomass cooking and household kerosene use
• agricultural and savanna burning
• industrial activity in mining and manufacturing zones

Seasonal pattern

Harmattan winds (December-March) transport Saharan dust across West Africa. East African cities see drier, dustier conditions June-September. Wet seasons clear most pollutants.

Geography and meteorology

Cairo sits at approximately 30.06° latitude, 31.25° longitude. Many African cities sit at elevation (Nairobi, Addis Ababa) which can complicate pollution dispersal. Coastal cities benefit from sea breezes.

Health implications

Sensitive groups should restrict outdoor activity year-round. The general population should avoid outdoor exercise during peaks. The most-studied pollutant for population health is fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Exposure is linked to cardiovascular disease, respiratory illness, and increased mortality. Children, the elderly, and people with respiratory or cardiac conditions face elevated risk.

Other pollutants commonly elevated in urban areas:

• Ozone (O3) - peaks on hot, sunny afternoons
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) - traffic-correlated, peaks at rush hours
• PM10 - includes road dust and coarse particles

Policy and trajectory

Air quality monitoring infrastructure is sparse across most of Africa. Initiatives like the Clean Air for Africa programme are expanding ground-station coverage.

Practical guidance for residents and visitors

1. Check the AQI before outdoor exercise. If readings exceed 100, sensitive groups should reduce intensity. Above 150, everyone should consider shifting indoors.
2. Wear an N95 or KN95 during peaks. Cloth masks do not filter PM2.5.
3. Run a HEPA air purifier in bedrooms. Indoor levels typically track 50-70% of outdoor levels in unfiltered homes - see our air purifier buyer's guide.
4. Use mechanical ventilation with HEPA filtration when AQI is high; avoid simply opening windows.
5. Subscribe to free email alerts for Cairo - we email when AQI crosses your threshold: set up alerts →

How we track Cairo

Live readings refresh every 30 minutes via atmos.today. See methodology and attribution for data sources.

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Live Cairo air quality: /egypt/cairo. Methodology: /about. Reviewed: May 2, 2026.